Literaturzitate Explosion - Versionsgeschichte

Gecko: Literaturzitate von Pyromartin ergänzt (da fehlen aber noch bibliographische Angaben)

2008-08-28T13:48:01Z

Literaturzitate von Pyromartin ergänzt (da fehlen aber noch bibliographische Angaben)

Gecko: Tippfehlerkorrektur

2008-07-09T07:25:07Z

Tippfehlerkorrektur

Gecko: Definitionen aus der Literatur zu Explosion, Deflagration, Detonation

2008-07-08T07:10:40Z

Definitionen aus der Literatur zu Explosion, Deflagration, Detonation

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===Sprengschule Dresden, Unterrichtsmaterial "Fachkunde", Blankenburg, Gütig, Rennert (2005): ===

" '''Explosionen''' sind Vorgänge, die in einer auf dem Ausdehnungsbestreben von Gasen und Dämpfen beruhenden, plötzlich verlaufenden Kraftäußerung bestehen, unabhängig davon, ob die Gase oder Dämpfe bereits vor der Explosion vorhanden waren oder erst bei derselben gebildet worden sind."

" '''Deflagration''' ist eine durch Anzünden ausgelöste, mit einer von den äußeren Bedingungen abhängigen Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit (Umsetzungsgeschwindigkeit) von in der Regel < 1000 m/s verlaufenden chemischen Umsetzung."

" '''Detonation''' ist eine durch Zündung (Stoßwelle) ausgelöste Kopplung von Verdichtungsstoß und chemischer Umsetzung (Reaktion), wobei der Verdichtungsstoß die Reaktionsbedingungen für die Umsetzung schafft, von der er energetisch stabilisiert wird.
Die Umsetzung erfolgt in einer schmalen Detonationszone mit einer Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit (Umsetzungsgeschwindigkeit) von > 1000 m/s"

===BGV B 5 "Explosivstoffe - Allgemeine Vorschrift" i.d.F. vom 1. 4. 2001===
"§2 Im Sinne dieser Unfallverhütungsvorschrift sind:

1. '''Abbrand''' die chemische Umsetzung von Explosivstoffen mit Flammenbildung, deren lineare Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit kleiner als 0,1 m/s, deren flächenbezogener Massendurchsatz kleiner als 100 kg/m2s ist.

(...)

13. '''Deflagration''' die chemische Umsetzung von Explosivstoffen mit Flammenbildung, die schneller als der Abbrand, jedoch mit Unterschallgeschwindigkeit abläuft.

14. '''Detonation''' die chemische Umsetzung von Explosivstoffen, die mit Überschallgeschwindigkeit unter Bildung einer Stoßwelle abläuft.

(...)

17. '''Explosion''' die mechanische Wirkung eines plötzlichen Druckanstieges, der als Folge einer Deflagration oder Detonation eines Explosivstoffes auftritt.

(...)

33. '''Massenexplosion''' eine Explosion, die nahezu die gesamte Explosivstoffmenge praktisch gleichzeitig erfaßt."

Durchführungsanweisung zu §2 Nr. 13 und 14:
Zur Beurteilung ist die Schallgeschwindigkeit im Explosivstoff heranzuziehen.

===Definitionen aus DIN EN 1127-1 "Explosionsschutz - Teil 1":===
'''Explosion''': Plötzliche Oxidations- oder Zerfallsreaktion mit Anstieg der Temperatur, des Druckes oder beider gleichzeitig

'''Deflagration''': Explosion, die sich mit Unterschallgeschwindigkeit fortpflanzt

'''Detonation''': Explosion, die sich mit Überschallgeschwindigkeit fortpflanzt, gekennzeichnet durch eine Stoßwelle

(Wortlaut nicht am Original überprüft, entnommen aus Seminarunterlage von Bernd Scheel (ohne Jahr), "Experimentalvortrag Brände und Explosionen", in Zusammenarbeit mit den Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherungsträgern)
(beim ''Explosionsschutz'' im Sinne dieser Norm geht es um explosionsfähige Gasgemische und Stäube, weniger um Explosivstoffe)

===R. Meyer, J. Köhler, A. Homburg (2007): Explosives. 6th edition, Wiley-VCH.===
"'''Explosion''' An explosion is a sudden increase in volume and release of energy in a violent manner, usually with generation ofhigh temperatures and release of gases. An explosion causes pressure waves in the locale medium in which it occurs. Explosions are categorized as deflagration if these waves are subsonic and detonations if they are supersonic (shock waves)."

"'''Deflagration''' Explosive materials often decompose at a rate below the sonic velocity of the material. This type of reaction is known as deflagration. It is propagated by the liberated head of reaction, and the direction of flow of the reaction products is opposite to that of decomposion propagation (unlike in ->Detonation). The burning of a powder or of a rocket charge is a deflagratoin process. The mode of reaction of an explosive material - deflagration or detonation - depends on its mode of actuation.

For transitions from deflagration to detonation and vice versa see ->Detonation.
[...]"

"'''Detonation''' Detonation is a chemical reaction given by an explosive substance which produces a shock wave. High temperatures and pressure gradients are generated in the wave front, so that the chemical reactionis initiated instantaneously. Detonation velocities lie in the approximate range of 1500 to 9000 m/s = 5000 to 30000 ft/s; slower explosive reactions, which are propagated by thermal conduction and radiation, are known as ->Deflagration."

===J. Boileau, C. Fauquignon, C. Napoly: Explosives. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A 10; 5. edition, 1987; p. 143ff===

"An ''explosion'' is a physical or chemical phenomenon in which energy is released in a very short time, usually accompanied by formation and vigorous expnasion of a very large amount of hot gas:

1) ''Mechanical explosions'' are caused by the sudden breaking of a vessel containing gas under pressure

2) ''Chemical explosions'' are caused by decomposition or very rapid reaction of a product or a mixture

3) ''Nuclear explosions'' are caused by fission or fusion of atomic nuclei

4) ''Electric explosions'' are caused by sudden strong electrical currents that volatilize metal wire (exploding wire).

Only chemical explosions are treated in this article.

For an explosion to occure the reaction must be exothermic: a large amount of gas must be produced by the chemical reaction and vaporization of products; and the reaction must propagate very fast. For example, gasoline in air burns at a rate of ca. 10-6 m/s; a solid propellant, at ca. 10-2 m/s; and an explosive detonates at a rate of ca. 102-104 m/s (detonation velocity).

The two different modes of decomposition are deflagration and detonation. ''Deflagration'' exhibits two characteristics: (1) the combustion is very rapid (1 m/s up to a few hundred meters/second) and (2) the combustion rate increases with pressure and exceeds the speed of sound in the gaseous environment, but does not exceed the speed of sound in the burning solid. The materials are often powdered or granular, as with certain pyrotechnics and black powder. ''Detonation'' is chemically the same as deflagration, but is characterized by a shock wave formed within the decomposing product and transmitted perpendicularly to the decomposition surface at a very high rate of speed (several thousand meters/second) independent of the surrounding pressure."

===J.R. Cook (2001): The Chemistry and Characteristics of Explosive Materials. Vantage Press, New York.===

"An explosion is produced by virtue of a very rapid, selfpropagation transformation of an explosive material into more stable substances. It creates a violent bursting or expansion as the result of great pressure. "

[...]

"Theory of Deflagration and Detonation

1. Deflagration

If a particle of an explosive is subjected to heat so as to cause a rapid increase in its temperature, the heat liberated by decomposition of the explosive increases the rate of reaction. At some temperature, characteristic of the explosive, the output of heat is sufficient to enable the reaction to proceed and be accelerated without further input of heat from the outside source. At this ignition temperature, deflagration begins. It is a surface phenomena, with the reaction products flowing away from the unreacted material. Deflagration of most particles in an explosive can occur nearly simultaneously. The final effect of deflagration under confinement is explosion, which may be violent deflagration or even detonation. An increase in confinement, which produces increased pressure, increases the rate of reaction and the temperature.

2. Detonation

Upon initiation, a detonation zone travels outward from point of initiation through the explosive material. This detonation zone includes a very narrow shock zone (in which the pressure reaches its peak) and a chemical reaction zone. Following this detonation zone are the detonation products, which flow toward the undetonated explosives at high velocity."

[[Kategorie:Fachkunde]]

@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
-===Sprengschule Dresden, Unterrichtsmaterial "Fachkunde", Blankenburg, Gütig, Rennert (2005): ===
+===U. Blankenburg, B. Gütig, J. Rennert (2005): Unterrichtsmaterial "Fachkunde" Großfeuerwerkerlehrgang, Sprengschule Dresden ===
 " '''Explosionen''' sind Vorgänge, die in einer auf dem Ausdehnungsbestreben von Gasen und Dämpfen beruhenden, plötzlich verlaufenden Kraftäußerung bestehen, unabhängig davon, ob die Gase oder Dämpfe bereits vor der Explosion vorhanden waren oder erst bei derselben gebildet worden sind."
@@ Zeile 32: / Zeile 32: @@
-===Definitionen aus DIN EN 1127-1 "Explosionsschutz - Teil 1":===
+===Definitionen aus DIN EN 1127-1 "Explosionsschutz - Teil 1"===
 '''Explosion''': Plötzliche Oxidations- oder Zerfallsreaktion mit Anstieg der Temperatur, des Druckes oder beider gleichzeitig
@@ Zeile 39: / Zeile 39: @@
 '''Detonation''': Explosion, die sich mit Überschallgeschwindigkeit fortpflanzt, gekennzeichnet durch eine Stoßwelle
-(Wortlaut nicht am Original überprüft, entnommen aus Seminarunterlage von Bernd Scheel (ohne Jahr), "Experimentalvortrag Brände und Explosionen", in Zusammenarbeit mit den Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherungsträgern)
+(Wortlaut nicht am Original überprüft, entnommen aus Seminarunterlage von Bernd Scheel (ohne Jahr), "Experimentalvortrag Brände und Explosionen", herausgegeben in Zusammenarbeit mit den Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherungsträgern)
 (beim ''Explosionsschutz'' im Sinne dieser Norm geht es um explosionsfähige Gasgemische und Stäube, weniger um Explosivstoffe)
-===R. Meyer, J. Köhler, A. Homburg (2007): Explosives. 6th edition, Wiley-VCH.===
+===R. Meyer, J. Köhler, A. Homburg (2007): Explosives. 6th edition, Wiley-VCH===
 "'''Explosion''' An explosion is a sudden increase in volume and release of energy in a violent manner, usually with generation of high temperatures and release of gases. An explosion causes pressure waves in the locale medium in which it occurs. Explosions are categorized as deflagration if these waves are subsonic and detonations if they are supersonic (shock waves)."
@@ Zeile 72: / Zeile 73: @@
-===J.R. Cook (2001): The Chemistry and Characteristics of Explosive Materials. Vantage Press, New York.===
+===J.R. Cook (2001): The Chemistry and Characteristics of Explosive Materials. Vantage Press, New York===
 "An explosion is produced by virtue of a very rapid, selfpropagation transformation of an explosive material into more stable substances. It creates a violent bursting or expansion as the result of great pressure. "
@@ Zeile 87: / Zeile 88: @@
 Upon initiation, a detonation zone travels outward from point of initiation through the explosive material. This detonation zone includes a very narrow shock zone (in which the pressure reaches its peak) and a chemical reaction zone. Following this detonation zone are the detonation products, which flow toward the undetonated explosives at high velocity."
 [[Kategorie:Fachkunde]]

@@ Zeile 43: / Zeile 43: @@
 ===R. Meyer, J. Köhler, A. Homburg (2007): Explosives. 6th edition, Wiley-VCH.===
-"'''Explosion''' An explosion is a sudden increase in volume and release of energy in a violent manner, usually with generation ofhigh temperatures and release of gases. An explosion causes pressure waves in the locale medium in which it occurs. Explosions are categorized as deflagration if these waves are subsonic and detonations if they are supersonic (shock waves)."
+"'''Explosion''' An explosion is a sudden increase in volume and release of energy in a violent manner, usually with generation of high temperatures and release of gases. An explosion causes pressure waves in the locale medium in which it occurs. Explosions are categorized as deflagration if these waves are subsonic and detonations if they are supersonic (shock waves)."
-"'''Deflagration''' Explosive materials often decompose at a rate below the sonic velocity of the material. This type of reaction is known as deflagration. It is propagated by the liberated head of reaction, and the direction of flow of the reaction products is opposite to that of decomposion propagation (unlike in ->Detonation). The burning of a powder or of a rocket charge is a deflagratoin process. The mode of reaction of an explosive material - deflagration or detonation - depends on its mode of actuation.
+"'''Deflagration''' Explosive materials often decompose at a rate below the sonic velocity of the material. This type of reaction is known as deflagration. It is propagated by the liberated heat of reaction, and the direction of flow of the reaction products is opposite to that of decomposion propagation (unlike in ->Detonation). The burning of a powder or of a rocket charge is a deflagration process. The mode of reaction of an explosive material - deflagration or detonation - depends on its mode of actuation.
 For transitions from deflagration to detonation and vice versa see ->Detonation.
 [...]"
-"'''Detonation''' Detonation is a chemical reaction given by an explosive substance which produces a shock wave. High temperatures and pressure gradients are generated in the wave front, so that the chemical reactionis initiated instantaneously. Detonation velocities lie in the approximate range of 1500 to 9000 m/s = 5000 to 30000 ft/s; slower explosive reactions, which are propagated by thermal conduction and radiation, are known as ->Deflagration."
+"'''Detonation''' Detonation is a chemical reaction given by an explosive substance which produces a shock wave. High temperatures and pressure gradients are generated in the wave front, so that the chemical reaction is initiated instantaneously. Detonation velocities lie in the approximate range of 1500 to 9000 m/s = 5000 to 30000 ft/s; slower explosive reactions, which are propagated by thermal conduction and radiation, are known as ->Deflagration."
 ===J. Boileau, C. Fauquignon, C. Napoly: Explosives. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A 10; 5. edition, 1987; p. 143ff===
-"An ''explosion'' is a physical or chemical phenomenon in which energy is released in a very short time, usually accompanied by formation and vigorous expnasion of a very large amount of hot gas:
+"An ''explosion'' is a physical or chemical phenomenon in which energy is released in a very short time, usually accompanied by formation and vigorous expansion of a very large amount of hot gas:
 ) ''Mechanical explosions'' are caused by the sudden breaking of a vessel containing gas under pressure